The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Full Chapter | Class 10 History Chapter 1 | Sunlike study

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Class 10 Summary

**Summary:**

This video provides a comprehensive overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe, covering key events, ideologies, and figures that shaped the formation of nation-states in the 19th century. It begins with the artistic vision of Frédéric Sorrieu and progresses through the French Revolution, the Napoleonic era, the emergence of liberal nationalism, the conservative backlash, the age of revolutions, the role of Romanticism, economic hardships, the unification of Germany and Italy, and finally, the rise of nationalism and its eventual transformation into imperialism. The video emphasizes the complex interplay of social, political, and economic factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism across Europe.

**Key Takeaways:**

* **Frédéric Sorrieu's Vision:** The video begins with an artist's vision of a democratic and republican world composed of nations, representing a utopian ideal of international cooperation.

* **French Revolution's Impact:** The French Revolution spread the idea of a nation and equality, significantly impacting Europe.

* **Rise of Liberal Nationalism:** Middle-class individuals sought constitutional governments, freedom of the press, and economic liberalization, advocating for nation-states.

* **Conservative Backlash:** After Napoleon's defeat, conservatives tried to reinstate the old order, leading to a period of repression.

* **Age of Revolutions (1830-1848):** Revolutions occurred in France, Belgium, and Greece, fueled by nationalism and liberalism.

* **Romanticism's Role:** Romanticism emphasized culture, language, and shared history to foster national identity.

* **Unification of Germany & Italy:** Prussia, under Otto von Bismarck, unified Germany through warfare. Italy was unified by Sardinia and Cavour.

* **Nationalism & Imperialism:** In the late 19th century, nationalism turned into imperialism, leading to conflicts, including World War I.

**Detailed Notes:**

1. **Introduction (00:00 - 00:24)**

* Overview of the chapter and its relevance to the board exams.

* Brief introduction to the video's content.

2. **Frédéric Sorrieu's Utopian Vision (00:24 - 00:55)**

* Presentation of a series of four prints by Frédéric Sorrieu in 1848.

* The first print depicts a vision of a democratic and republican world.

* Key elements include the Statue of Liberty, representing freedom and human rights.

* The print symbolizes a world where nations are united in a common cause.

3. **The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation (02:13 - 05:27)**

* Impact of the French Revolution on Europe.

* Transformation of France from monarchy to a nation-state.

* Introduction of ideas promoting unity: "la patrie" (the fatherland) and "le citoyen" (the citizen).

* Adoption of a new flag, a national language, and patriotic songs.

* Replacement of the Estates-General with the National Assembly.

* Abolition of internal customs duties and dues.

* Introduction of Napoleon Bonaparte, who removed democracy.

4. **Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) (04:02 - 05:27)**

* Napoleon declared himself emperor in 1804 and implemented the Civil Code.

* The code established equality before the law, the right to property, and the end of the feudal system.

* Improvements in transport, communication, and the standardization of weights and measures.

* Introduction of a common currency and the removal of guild restrictions.

* Initial positive reception and then later criticism of the code.

* Napoleon's domination led to resentment.

5. **The Making of Nationalism in Europe (05:54 - 06:29)**

* Context of mid-18th century Europe: absence of nation-states.

* Instead, empires and diverse populations existed.

* Explanation of how nationalism emerged.

6. **The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class (06:29 - 07:53)**

* Two main social groups in Europe: aristocracy and peasants.

* Aristocrats: wealthy, land-owning, socially powerful, and speaking French.

* Peasants: poorer, majority, and generally lacking power.

* Emergence of the middle class due to the Industrial Revolution.

* Middle class: educated, not extremely wealthy, and comprising businessmen, industrialists, and professionals.

7. **What did Liberal Nationalism Stand For? (07:53 - 10:40)**

* Liberalism's meaning: derived from "liber," meaning free.

* The middle class's demands:

* End of autocratic rule.

* Abolition of clerical privileges.

* A constitution and representative government.

* Limitations of liberalism:

* Limited voting rights to property-owning men.

* Exclusion of women from voting rights.

* Problems with trade:

* High taxes and multiple customs barriers.

* Example: 11 customs barriers between different states.

* Multiple different currencies (around 30 different types).

* Zollverein: A customs union formed in 1834.

* Led by Prussia, later joined by other German states.

* Abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies.

* Promoted railway network development, leading to economic liberalization.

8. **A New Conservatism After 1815 (10:40 - 12:18)**

* The Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's defeat.

* The rise of conservatism in Europe.

* Conservative ideology: opposition to societal changes.

* Attempt to restore the old order:

* Restoration of monarchies.

* Reinstatement of the Church's power.

* Re-establishment of the social hierarchy.

* Implementation of autocratic rule.

* Censorship and suppression of dissent.

* Treaty of Vienna (1815):

* Signed by major nations (Prussia, Austria, Britain, Russia)

* Led by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

* Key provisions:

* Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

* Creation of buffer states around France.

* Transfer of territories to Prussia.

* Control of Northern Italy to Austria.

* Control of Poland to Russia.

* Conservatives' control over the power.

9. **The Revolutionaries (12:18 - 13:26)**

* Secret groups and underground organizations:

* Formation of secret societies by liberal nationalists.

* Purpose: to oppose monarchical rule and promote liberty.

* Giuseppe Mazzini:

* Italian revolutionary born in 1807.

* Founded two underground societies: Young Italy and Young Europe.

* Viewed as a dangerous enemy by conservatives.

10. **The Age of Revolution (1830-1848) (14:54 - 18:52)**

* The period of revolutions between 1830 and 1848.

* Three primary revolutions:

* France: July Revolution (1830).

* Belgium.

* Greece.

* The July Revolution in France:

* The Bourbon dynasty was overthrown.

* A constitutional monarchy was established.

* Louis Philippe became a constitutional monarch.

* Metternich’s famous quote: "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold."

* The Belgian Revolution:

* Belgium was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

* Inspired by the French Revolution, Belgium sought independence.

* Belgium declared its independence.

* Greek War of Independence:

* Greece was under Ottoman Empire rule.

* Greeks sought independence starting in 1821.

* Support from European powers (e.g., Britain, France, Russia) and artists.

* Treaty of Constantinople (1832): Greece became an independent nation.

* Lord Byron (English poet) supported the Greek cause and died in 1824.

11. **The Romantic Imagination and the National Feeling (18:47 - 22:01)**

* The role of culture in fostering nationalism.

* Romanticism's definition: a cultural movement to develop national sentiments.

* Romantic artists: promoting national identity through arts, poetry, stories, and music.

* Johann Gottfried Herder’s views:

* True culture is found among common people.

* Folk songs, poetry, and dances are the true spirit of a nation.

* The role of language in national sentiment:

* Example of Poland: The Polish language was banned by the Russians.

* Poles resisted and fought to preserve their language and culture.

* Romantic artists produced literature, visual arts, and music to promote nationalism.

12. **Hunger, Hardship and The Popular Revolt (22:01 - 24:18)**

* Economic hardship in Europe during the 1830s:

* Population growth, leading to unemployment.

* Migration from rural to urban areas, causing overcrowding.

* Crop failures, leading to rising food prices.

* Revolution in France in 1848.

* Louis Philippe fled.

* A National Assembly was formed.

* France was declared a republic.

* Voting rights extended to all men over 21.

* The right to work was recognized.

* Silesia Revolt of 1845:

* Weavers revolted against contractors due to lowered prices.

* Violence and destruction.

* Suppression of the revolt by the army.

* The revolt described by the journalist William Wolf.

13. **The Revolution of the Liberals (24:18 - 27:14)**

* Middle-class involvement in the 1848 revolutions.

* Goals: establishment of nation-states and parliamentary principles.

* The German region:

* Formation of an all-German National Assembly.

* Election of 831 members to the Frankfurt Parliament.

* Attempt to draft a constitution for a German nation.

* Failure to incorporate the demands of peasants, workers, and artisans.

* Weakening of the movement due to lack of support.

* Rejection of the constitution by the Prussian king, Frederick William IV.

* Monarchs realized that the liberals can’t be controlled for long, and granted some concessions.

* Abolition of serfdom and bonded labor in the Habsburg dominions and Russia

* Hungarian autonomy granted in 1867.

14. **The Making of Germany and Italy (27:14 - 30:13)**

* How Germany and Italy unified.

* Germany – "Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?"

* Germany before unification: multiple small German states.

* Prussia's role: decided to unify Germany.

* King William I of Prussia.

* Otto von Bismarck: Chief Minister tasked with unifying Germany.

* Prussia's wars against Austria, Denmark, and France.

* Wars lasting seven years, and Prussia won the war.

* German unification was completed.

* William I was declared Emperor of Germany in January 1871.

* Italy Unified:

* Italy before unification: Seven states.

* Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.

* Giuseppe Mazzini: his attempt to unify.

* Victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia.

* Chief Minister Count Cavour’s role and diplomatic skills.

* The French support.

* Garibaldi and his army.

* 1860: the southern region was won.

* Poop surrendered

* 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of Italy.

15. **The Strange case of Britain (31:47 - 34:07)**

* Britain's unification as a long-term process:

* Scotland.

* England.

* Wales.

* Ireland.

* England, then the power of monarchy shifted.

* The Act of Union (1707): Scotland and England united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

* Ireland: tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

* English support for Protestants.

* Wolf Tone and the revolt.

* Ireland taken over and united as a whole.

* A new "British Nation" emerged with flags, anthems, language, etc.

16. **Visualising the Nation (34:07 - 35:07)**

* Artistic efforts to personify nations in the 18th and 19th centuries.

* Giving nations a visual identity (e.g., India and Bharat Mata).

* Using female figures (allegories) to represent nations: Marianne (France) and Germania (Germany).

17. **Nationalism and Imperialism (35:07 - 37:06)**

* The shift of nationalism into imperialism in the 19th century.

* Imperialism: larger nations capturing smaller ones to expand territories.

* Case study: The Balkans.

* The Balkans as part of the Ottoman Empire.

* Multiple states: Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, etc.

* The weakening of the Ottoman Empire.

* Independent nations struggling for power.

* The involvement of major powers (Russia, France, Germany, Britain).

* The First World War.

* Anti-imperial movements and the realization that imperialism is harmful.